Developing multi-target therapeutics to fine-tune the evolutionary dynamics of the cancer ecosystem

Citation: Xie L and Bourne PE (2015) Developing multi-target therapeutics to fine-tune the evolutionary dynamics of the cancer ecosystem. Multi-target therapies, either in combination or in sequential order, have been advocated to combat intrinsic and acquired resistance to anti-cancer drugs (Holohan et al., 2013; Yardley, 2013). However, the effectiveness of multi-target anti-cancer therapy in the clinic is limited. The selection of cancer cells obeys Darwin's law of evolution. Under the pressure of drug perturbation, the cancer cell can adapt versatile molecular and cellular mechanisms for survival, and often evolves into more aggressive or metastasis phenotypes (Holohan et al., 2013). At the molecular level, acquired mutations resulting from drug treatment may modify drug metabolism (e.g., increasing efflux, decreasing uptake, and enhancing detoxification etc.) and alter drug-target interactions. At the cellular level, multiple pathways support the survival of cancer cells. The inhibition of one pathway may result in the activation of an alternative pathway. Although novel approaches to optimizing combination therapies have been proposed to defer these drug resistance mechanisms (Crystal et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015), intra-tumor heterogeneity that have been observed ubiquitously may make the drug combination fail (McGranahan and Swanton, 2015). Polygenic drug-resistance mechanisms are present in sub-clones prior to the initiation of therapy (Bozic et al., 2013). If the therapy cannot target all sub-clones that drive the cancer progress in a fast-killing mode, it would prompt the rapid growth of sub-clones that are not sensitive to the treatment (Gatenby et al., 2009). Unfortunately, the number of driver mutations in advanced tumors is substantial (Gerlinger et al., 2014). It could be an impossible mission to target all driver mutations. The existence of cancer stem cells adds another dimension of complexity. The conventional single or combinational anti-cancer drug is incapable of killing cancer stem cells. When a cancer cell is killed by chemotherapy, it could send signals to stimulate the proliferation of the cancer stem cell, leading to the repopulation of the drug-resistance tumor (Kurtova et al., 2015). Thus, new strategies are needed to combat anti-cancer drug resistance with the goal to improve the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapy. Cancer cells originate from the host's normal cells, but eventually turn into a new " pathogen " species. To eliminate anti-cancer drug resistance, we may borrow an idea from anti-bacterial drug discovery. Anti-virulence has emerged as a novel concept in addressing the challenge of antibiotic resistance (Rasko and Sperandio, 2010). Instead …